Experiment 5-4824

Circuit number	Capacitance (uF)	Resistance (K)	Calculated Time (s)	Observed Time (s)
1	100	1	0.5s	0.5s
2	100	0.1	0.05s	0.05s
3	100	0.47	0.235s	0.235s
4	300	1	1.65s	1.65s

R x Capacitance in F x 5= total time to charge capacitor.

Eg.100-6 x 13 = 0.1

0.1x5 = 0.5s

Circuit 1

Circuit 2

Circuit 3

Circuit 4

Having a smaller resistor will result in having a faster charging time, provided the Vs and Capacitance stays the same.

Having a larger Capacitance will increase the charge time, just like as you would a bath to a pool at the same flow of water.

Experiment 4-4824

At 10V At 15V
V1=4.64 V1=4.81
V2=0.66 V2=0.70
V3=5.31 V3=5.51
V4=4.88 V4=9.86
I=0.00505 I=0.01024

The zener diode regulates both circuits to roughly 5V in reverse bias, but as there is more voltage in the 15V circuit there is more amps.

V1 shows the zener diode regulating 5v.
V2 shows the knee voltage of the regular diode.
V3 shows the combined Vd of the two diodes.
V4 shows where the resistor uses up the remaining voltage.

Experiment 3-4824

After building experiment 3's circuit, i had to find the value of Vz, for 3 different Vs. 10V,12V and 15V. After finding Vz for each Vs I found that no matter what the Vs the Zener diode would regualte the voltage down to 5V and then the resistors would use the rest of the voltage.

This type of circuit would be used to regulate voltage to other components.

When you set the zener diode in foward bias, it fails to regulate the voltage so to much voltage gets through.

Experiment 2-4824

Diodes work by using two types of materials, 'P' type material and 'N' type material. P type is more positive and N type is more negative. When in foward bias the materials are repelled from the power supply as they will not be drawn towards like atoms. This pushes the materials together until the gap is small enough to jump accross and carry on the flow of electricity.

A yellow LED has a voltage drop of 2.5 volts, a diode has a voltage drop of 0.6-0.7 in foward bias. In reverse bias they do not work and becomes an open circuit. To find the cathode on either of these components is easy to distinguish as the cathode is the shorter leg of the component. Also the strip side of the diode and the flat side of the LED is another way of disinguishing the difference.

To find the current flowing through the diode i used this formula. Vs-Vd=V V/R=I

With a 5Vs and a 1k ohms resistor the current flowing through the diode was 4.3ma. When i measured the circuit, I got 4.8ma.

Using Ohms law I calculated a right answer, but I didnt use the correct voltage, I measured the Vs after I had done these tests and found the Vs was 5.3 V. So i need to do the OCV test before every experiment.

I then calculated the Vd of the diode by reversing ohms law so that IxR=V Vs-V=Vd.
I calculated the correct Vd of the diode to be 0.7 V.

Using the data sheet i found that the maximum amperage that can flow through the diode is 1amp @ 75degrees celcius. The maximum of Vs is 1000 @ 75degrees celcius.

I replaced the diode with a yellow LED then calculated the current flowing through it to be 2.94ma and when measured I was right.

I observed that there is less amperage in a LED circuit than a diode ciruit as the LED uses more volts.

Experiment 1-4824

Picture from:
http://www.michaels-electronics-lessons.com/images/resistor-color-code-all.gif


My Estimate
Maximum/Minimum

1. 714000/646000 ohms Blue, Grey, Yellow, Gold
2. 10.5/9.5 ohms Brown, Black, Black, Gold
   
3. 10100/9900 ohms Brown, Black, Black, Red, Gold
   
4. 1575/1425 ohms Brown, Green, Red, Gold
5. 465000/313500 ohms Orange, Orange, Yellow, Gold
6. 1050/950 ohms Brown, Black, Red, Gold
   

Actual Reading

1. 691000 ohms
2. 10.5 ohms
3. 9960 ohms
4. 1488 ohms
5. 329000 ohms
6. 994 ohms

I calculated the resistance of the resistors, I then measured their resistance with my multimeter to confirm my calculations. All of the actual readings were within the tolerances.

R1= 1500 ohms R2= 1000 ohms
In seires I calculated 2500 ohms by adding 1500+1000 together, and when measured it was 2500 ohms.
In parallel I calculated 600 ohms by using the formula 1/RT= 1/R1+1/R2.

When measure it was 600 ohms.

I have demonstrated that parallel circuits have less resistance that seires circuits.